A new study has raised concerns about the unintended consequences of artificial intelligence (AI) use in classrooms, revealing that while students’ homework scores improved, their exam performance suffered.
The research, titled “The Generative AI Learning Penalty: Evidence from Chinese Secondary Education”, tracked students in Classes 7 to 12 across China.
It found that AI use was linked to an 18% rise in homework scores, but a 20% fall in‑class examination scores six months after students first adopted the technology. Between 2022 and 2025, self‑reported AI use among students surged from almost zero to around 80%.
Homework Gains, Exam Losses
The study noted that students spent less time on homework as their scores improved, suggesting that AI tools such as ChatGPT were helping them complete assignments faster. However, this efficiency came at a cost: exam results declined, with AI‑using students scoring 5% to 7% lower on average every month in senior high school and college entrance examinations.
Risks of Over‑Reliance
The findings echo warnings in the World Bank’s “World Development Report 2026: The Promise of Artificial Intelligence”, which cautions that excessive dependence on AI may reduce the effort students put into learning. While AI can help explain difficult concepts and speed up tasks, students risk missing out on vital opportunities to practise reasoning, writing and problem‑solving.
“Working through mistakes and finding solutions independently are essential parts of learning,” the report emphasised. “If AI completes these tasks for students, they may struggle to demonstrate understanding during exams.”
Balanced Approach Needed
Despite the concerns, researchers stressed that the study, which has not yet been peer‑reviewed, reflects the early stages of AI adoption and may not apply universally, particularly in countries such as India. They also noted that AI can support education when used responsibly.
Other studies worldwide have shown that AI‑powered tutoring can boost learning outcomes, especially when integrated with teacher guidance.
Experts argue that rather than banning AI, schools should focus on structured use, ensuring students benefit from its strengths while continuing to develop independent thinking skills.